<h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"> </b></h1><h3><br /></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"> "沉睡數(shù)千年，一醒驚天下"。</b></h1><h3><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><br /></b></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"> </b><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>出四川廣漢約三四公里，有三座突兀在成都平原上的黃土堆，三星堆因此而得名。1929年春，當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民燕道誠(chéng)在宅旁挖水溝時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一坑精美的玉器，由此拉開(kāi)三星堆文明的研究序幕。1986年，三星堆兩個(gè)商代大型祭祀坑的發(fā)現(xiàn)，上千件稀世之寶赫然顯世，轟動(dòng)了世界，被譽(yù)為世界"第九大奇跡"。</b></span><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">在蔚為壯觀(guān)的中國(guó)文物群體中，屬最具有歷史科學(xué)文化藝術(shù)價(jià)值，最具觀(guān)賞性的文物群體之一。</b></h1><h1><br /><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">"After thousands of years in silence, its arrival shocked the world."</i></b></h1><h3><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><br /></i></h3><h5><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b style="font-size: 20px;">The Sanxingdui artifacts are of universal impact in the world. They are also amongst the most historically valuable and scientifically appealing in the extensive array of artifacts in China. </b></i></h5> <h3>三星堆遺址位于四川省成都市廣漢南興鎮(zhèn)</h3> <h3><i>The location of the Sanxingdui site is in Guanghannanxing Town, Chengdu city, Sichuan province. </i></h3> <h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"> 根據(jù)考古學(xué)文化序列，三星堆遺址文化可分為四期：上自新石器時(shí)代晚期（距今約4800年），下起春秋早中期（距今約2600年）。三星堆以其文化的完整性與獨(dú)具特色且自成體系的"蜀文化"構(gòu)成了這一地區(qū)的文化共同體。</b></h1> <h1><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">The development of Sanxingdui culture from the late Neolithic age (approximately 4800 B.C.) to the early and mid Spring-Autumn Period (approximately 2600 B. C.) may be archaeologically divided into four periods. The well-maintained Sanxingdui culture, along with the locally developed and completely unique Ancient Shu culture, creates a harmonic coexistence of the two cultures. </i></b></h1> <h1><b><span style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">以下兩張圖對(duì)比可以看出三星堆文化大抵與傳說(shuō)中的"蜀文化"的對(duì)應(yīng)情況，出土的文物中最恢弘最精美的部分大致與古蜀國(guó)的二期第三期相對(duì)應(yīng)，是魚(yú)和鳥(niǎo)崇拜的高峰期。</span></b></h1><h1><b><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><br /></span></b></h1><h1><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b> The two images below represent the comparison between the Sanxingdui culture and the mythical Ancient Shu culture. The most delicate masterpieces from Sanxingdui roughly corresponds with Period II and III of the Ancient Shu culture, when the animals of worship were bird and fish. </b></i></h1> <h1><b>三星堆文化歷史時(shí)期劃分及與古蜀國(guó)時(shí)間對(duì)應(yīng)</b></h1> <h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">一、文明初曙 - 三星堆遺址一期文化</b></h1><h3><br /></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>The Dawn of Civilization - Sanxingdui site at Period 1</i></b></h1><h3><br /></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">三星堆遺址一期文化相當(dāng)于中原龍山文化時(shí)代，大體對(duì)應(yīng)古蜀歷史傳說(shuō)中的 "蠶叢" 與 "柏灌" 王朝，距今約4800 - 4000年。</b></h1><h3><br /></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>Period 1, dating back to 4,800 - 4,000 years ago, is contemporary with the period of the Longshan culture in the central plain, roughly corresponding to the Cancong and Boguan Kingdoms in the legend of Ancient Shu. </i></b></h1> <h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">二、鼎盛時(shí)期 - 三星堆遺址二至三期文化</b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><br /></span></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>Heyday of civilization - Sanxingdui site at periods II & III </i></b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><br /></span></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">三星堆遺址二至三期文化，其時(shí)段相當(dāng)于中原夏商時(shí)代，大致對(duì)應(yīng)古蜀史傳說(shuō)中的 "魚(yú)鳧" 王朝，距今約4000-3200年。</b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><br /></span></h3><h1><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">The culture of the Sanxingdui Site at periods II & III, dating back to 4,000 - 3,200 years ago, is contemporary with the Xia and Shang dynasties in the central plain, roughly corresponding to the Yufu kingdom in the legend of Ancient Shu. </i></b></h1> <h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">三、重心南移 - 三星堆遺址四期文化</b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251);"><br /></span></h3><h1><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Southward Shift for cultural center</i></b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251);"><br /></span></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">三星堆遺址四期文化相當(dāng)于商代晚期至春秋時(shí)期，大致對(duì)應(yīng)古蜀歷史傳說(shuō)中的 "杜宇" 王朝，距今約3200 - 2600 年。</b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251);"><br /></span></h3><h1><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i><b>Period IV, dating back to 3,200 - 2,600 years ago, is contemporary with the late Shang Dynasty and Spring-Autumn Period, roughly corresponding to the Duyu Kingdom in the legend of ancient Shu. </b></i></span></h1> <h1><b><span style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">下面我結(jié)合幾次參觀(guān)的照片和展館的展示及網(wǎng)上查到的資料梳理一下三星堆文化的代表性出土文物器型。包括陶器、玉器、青銅器和金器，有興趣的朋友可以把三星堆文物和中原文化出土文物器型做比較欣賞。</span></b></h1><h3><br /></h3><h1><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>With the help of picture documentation and information on the internet, I will list the different kinds of symbolic artifacts unearthed at Sanxingdui. Some of them include pottery, jade, bronze and unique artifacts, those of you with interest can compare the items unearthed at Sanxingdui with the ones from the Zhongyuan culture. </i></b></h1> <h1><b>一、陶器</b></h1> <h1><b>二、玉器</b></h1><h1><b><br /></b></h1><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>三星堆的玉器與青銅器交相輝映，共同構(gòu)成了三星堆文明及其文化藝術(shù)的最高成就。古人以玉作 "六器" ，玉之用，天地四方，無(wú)所不包。玉器作為通天通神之禮器，在古人心中有崇高的地位。三星堆出土玉石器中有禮器，兵器和飾品，其中禮器的數(shù)量最多，如璧，璋，都是古代祭儀中最為重要的禮器。壁以禮天，璋以祭山，即所謂 "天山之祭" 。</b></span></h3> <h3><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i><br /></i></b></h3><h3><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>Lithic artifacts, including Jade and stone implements, rival the bronzes at Sanxingdui, and they together represent the highest achievements of the Sanxingdui civilization and it's artistry. Jades served a multiplicity of functions in ancient times and influenced every aspect of human life. As ritual objects of communication with gods and heavenly realms, jades were esteemed. Most of the lithic artifacts at Sanxingdui were ritual implements, which were part of the material expression of the political and religious culture of the state of Shu. Among them, Bi and Zhang were the most important: The former used for worshiping heaven, the latter for sacrificing mountains. The people of Shu communicated with spirits, gods and heavenly realms primarily through their worship of mountains.</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3> <h1><b>三、青銅器及金器</b></h1><h1><b><br /></b></h1><h3><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">三星堆出土的青銅器中，其合金配置水平與金屬冶煉技術(shù)堪與同期商王朝相媲美：其分型水準(zhǔn)之高超，則更為他處所難以企及，是古代科技與藝術(shù)的完美結(jié)合。其碩大重器與玲瓏秘寶均為韻質(zhì)雙美制作，且多屬神廟禮器，系青銅時(shí)代高級(jí)階段的顯著標(biāo)志，其風(fēng)格汲取商文化元素而又表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的地方民族個(gè)性。</b><br /></h3><h3><br /></h3> <h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>三星堆金器種類(lèi)豐富，量多體大，且制作精美，功用特殊，應(yīng)是神權(quán)與王權(quán)的最高象征之物，其制金工藝在中國(guó)同期文明中也最為杰出，表現(xiàn)出以捶拓、模壓、粘貼、雕刻、鏤空等技術(shù)為主的工藝特點(diǎn)。金器中的重器如金杖，金面罩等文化形式頗為接近西夏近東文明。</b></span></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><b><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>Gold artifacts were of abundance at Sanxingdui: They were big, painstakingly made, and of specific use. They were the ultimate symbol for power and authority. The process in which these artifacts were made was also the most prominent among the other ancient cultures. The more heavy gold artifacts were gold specters and gold mask</i>s, similar to the Near east .</span></b><br /></h3> <h3>最高的神樹(shù)</h3> <h3>搖錢(qián)樹(shù)</h3> <h3>通高2.62米的青銅大立人像</h3> <h3>人身型器-三星堆最神秘的物件之一</h3> <h3>龍?jiān)煨?lt;/h3> <h3>青銅禮器</h3> <h3>與眾不同的寫(xiě)實(shí)的雞</h3> <h3>四字鳥(niǎo)</h3> <h3>川字鳥(niǎo)</h3> <h3>太陽(yáng)輪</h3> <h3><b>三星堆青銅面具</b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>三星堆青銅面具，是全世界從古至今眾多面具中最富特色的文物群之一，具有濃厚的神巫文化特征與其獨(dú)特的審美個(gè)性。面具勁拔的線(xiàn)型與峻整的輪廓，合構(gòu)為天地共成入神渾融的奇?zhèn)D像，凸顯出莊嚴(yán)雄強(qiáng)之勢(shì)，張揚(yáng)著圣潔華貴之美。一副副完美神奇的驚世之作，勾勒出古蜀人多姿多彩的想象世界，表達(dá)了中華先民超越現(xiàn)實(shí)想往未來(lái)的精神訴求。</b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3> <h3><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b><i>Sanxingdui bronze masks</i></b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b><i>Sanxingdui bronze masks are among the most recognizable and unique throughout the history of different cultures in the world. They have a strong relation with sorcery and are easily identifiable with their distinct features. The sharp, upright features of the face along with the shape, creates a masterpiece combining the heavens and the earth. The faces has the purity of a godlike aura but also a sense of happiness and masculinity. Piece by piece, these unbelievable masks tell the story of the ancient Shu people as they pursued for a higher, imaginary state of mind connected with the unreal and the heavenly. </i></b></span></h3><h3><br /></h3> <h3>金手杖</h3> <h1><b>四、<span style="font-size: 16px;">三星堆"的七大千古之謎</span></b><br /></h1><h3><b style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><i>The seven unsolved mysteries of Sanxingdui</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>未解之謎一：文明起源何方</b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">1: Where did the culture originate?</i></b></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3>三星堆文化來(lái)自何方？這里數(shù)量龐大的青銅人像、動(dòng)物不歸屬于中原青銅器的任何一類(lèi)。青銅器上沒(méi)有留下一個(gè)文字，簡(jiǎn)直讓人不可思議。 </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>出土的"三星堆人"高鼻深目、顴面突出、闊嘴大耳，耳朵上還有穿孔，不像中國(guó)人倒像是"老外"。四川省文物考古所三星堆工作站站長(zhǎng)陳德安接受記者采訪(fǎng)時(shí)認(rèn)為，三星堆人有可能來(lái)自其他大陸，三星堆文明可能是"雜交文明"。 </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>未解之謎二：消失的古都</b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Mystery 2: Disappearance of the ancient cultural center</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>古蜀國(guó)的繁榮持續(xù)了1500多年，然后又像它的出現(xiàn)一樣突然地消失了。歷史再一次銜接上時(shí)，中間已多了2000多年的神秘空白。關(guān)于古蜀國(guó)的滅亡，人們假想了種種原因，但都因證據(jù)不足始終停留在假設(shè)上——— </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);">未解之謎三：神秘的器具 </b><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Mystery 3: The absurdity of artifacts unveiled at Sanxingdui</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>三星堆出土的大量青銅器中，基本上沒(méi)有生活用品，絕大多數(shù)是祭祀用品。表明古蜀國(guó)的原始宗教體系已比較完整。這些祭祀用品帶有不同地域的文化特點(diǎn)，特別是青銅雕像、金杖等，與世界上著名的瑪雅文化、古埃及文化非常接近。三星堆博物館副館長(zhǎng)張繼忠認(rèn)為，大量帶有不同地域特征的祭祀用品表明，三星堆曾是世界朝圣中心。 </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>在坑中出土了5000多枚海貝，經(jīng)鑒定來(lái)自印度洋。有人說(shuō)這些海貝用做交易，是四川最早的外匯，而有的人則說(shuō)這是朝圣者帶來(lái)的祭祀品。還有60多根象牙則引起了學(xué)者們"土著象牙"與"外來(lái)象牙"的爭(zhēng)議。"不與秦塞通人煙"的古蜀國(guó)，居然已經(jīng)有了"海外投資"，不可思議。 </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>未解之謎四：文字或圖畫(huà) </b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Mystery 4: Indecipherable language</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>在祭祀坑中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一件價(jià)值連城的瑰寶———世界最早的金杖。其權(quán)杖之說(shuō)早已被學(xué)術(shù)界認(rèn)同，但所刻的魚(yú)、箭頭等圖案卻引起了一場(chǎng)風(fēng)波。 </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>一個(gè)民族必備的文明要素，三星堆都已具備，只缺文字。至于金杖上的圖案是圖是文，仁智各見(jiàn)。有的已在試圖破譯，另一些專(zhuān)家則認(rèn)為刻畫(huà)的符號(hào)基本上單個(gè)存在，不能表達(dá)語(yǔ)言。不過(guò)如果能解讀這些圖案，必將極大促進(jìn)三星堆之謎的破解。三星堆在文字方面尚存問(wèn)號(hào)，也是它吸引人的地方之一。 </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>未解之謎五：三星堆遺址居民的族屬為何？</b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Mystery 5: The tribal ancestry of those that lived at Sanxingdui</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>目前有氐羌說(shuō)、濮人說(shuō)、巴人說(shuō)、東夷說(shuō)、越人說(shuō)等不同看法。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為岷江上游石棺葬文化與三星堆關(guān)系密切，其主體居民可能是來(lái)自川西北及岷江上游的氐羌系。</h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>未解之謎六：三星堆青銅器群高超的青銅器冶煉技術(shù)及青銅文化是如何產(chǎn)生的？</b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Mystery 6: How did Sanxingdui produce bronzes at such a great level of quality and quantity? </i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>在三星堆青銅器的成分分析結(jié)果是：蜀人使用來(lái)冶煉青銅的鉛礦、可能不是通常使用的鉛鋅礦，而是無(wú)鋅伴生的鉛礦，這與同一時(shí)期中原地區(qū)冶煉青銅的原料之一——鉛礦的產(chǎn)地是不相同的。但這樣的鉛礦在四川沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)，古蜀人如何能得到它？</h3><h3> </h3><h3><br /></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b>未解之謎七：三星堆古蜀國(guó)的政權(quán)性質(zhì)及宗教形態(tài)如何？</b></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3><b><i style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Mystery 7: The social structure of Ancient Shu</i></b></h3><h3><br /></h3><h3>三星堆古蜀國(guó)是一個(gè)附屬于中原王朝的部落軍事聯(lián)盟，還是一個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的已建立起統(tǒng)一王朝的早期國(guó)家？其宗教形態(tài)是自然崇拜、祖先崇拜還是神靈崇拜？或是兼而有之？</h3><h3><br /></h3> <h1><span style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8);"><b> 近年來(lái)，隨著游歷及閱讀的增加，漸漸對(duì)于很多奇跡書(shū)本上的解釋產(chǎn)生了懷疑，例如：古埃及金字塔是奴隸們建成，柬埔寨吳哥窟的建成，智利復(fù)活島的石像......，很多都是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)不能解釋的。自2003年第一次參觀(guān)三星堆，就震驚于他獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格和樣式，深以為或許存在著史前或者外星文明？不知您是否和我有著一樣的疑問(wèn)？希望我們都保持一顆旺盛的求知和好奇心，謙卑努力地探索，或許有朝一日這些世界之謎會(huì)被學(xué)者或者考古發(fā)現(xiàn)所破解，還原給我們那些真實(shí)的遠(yuǎn)古故事……</b></span></h1> <h1><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b><i>While gaining experience through traveling and reading in recent years, I started to form doubts about the "facts" written in books about ancient culture and history. Was the pyramid built by slaves? How did Angkor Wat form in Cambodia? And what about the stone statues of Easter island? A lot of these Ancient mysteries cannotbe explained by even the newest scientific methods. The same thought came to my mind while I marveled at the unique style and detailing of the Sanxingdui bronzes: Were they the works of prehistoric civilizations or even</i></b></span></h1><h1><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><b><i>aliens? There is no known answer. However, what we can do is to turn our energy into curiosity and anticipation for the future, and strive to discover and explore. Maybe some time in the future, when our technology in archaeological research is at new heights, the truth behind these ancient mysteries will finally be revealed to us......</i></b></span></h1>
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