<p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫 (Virginia Woolf)</b></p> <p class="ql-block">許多讀者和文學批評家認為弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫是20世紀最具創(chuàng)新力的作家之一。她發(fā)展其寫作技巧,例如,內心獨白和意識流散文,使之成為現代主義文學的領袖,這種意識流寫法已經為現代作家經常使用。伍爾夫或許以她的長篇小說而聞名,包括《達洛維夫人》、《到燈塔去》和《奧蘭多》;但是,她也是一位撰寫日記、報刊雜志、隨筆和短篇小說的多產作家。</p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫</b>(1882-1941),英國作家。在小說領域,以其非線性敘事手法產生了重大影響。伍爾夫以小說創(chuàng)作最為人知,其中尤以《達洛維夫人》(1925)、《到燈塔去》(1927)兩篇為甚。小說創(chuàng)作之余,她還就藝術理論、文學史、女性寫作、權利政治等主題提筆書寫,拓展文脈。作為一名優(yōu)秀的文學批評家,伍爾夫嘗試過多種形式的自傳體式創(chuàng)作形式,以繪畫手法構思短篇虛構作品,并且,終其一生與親友往來通信,才情卓然。</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">?Virginia Woolf</b> (1882-1941)</p><p class="ql-block">English writer whose novels, through their nonlinear approaches to narrative, exerted a major influence on the genre. While she is best known for her novels, especially Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), Woolf also wrote pioneering essays on artistic theory, literary history, women’s writing, and the politics of power. A fine stylist, she experimented with several forms of biographical writing, composed painterly short fictions, and sent to her friends and family a lifetime of brilliant letters. </p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size: 18px;"><i>Innovative novelist, perceptive critic, and pioneering feminist essayist, Virginia Woolf made a major contribution to the development of the novel with her impressionistic style.</i></b></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">?“文明的個體” Civilised Individual:</b></p><p class="ql-block">弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫和布盧姆斯伯里文化團體</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Group </b></p><p class="ql-block">After the death of Leslie Stephen (Woolf’s dad), Vanessa arranged for Virginia, Thoby, Adrian and herself to move into a new residence: 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury. In this location they finally felt liberated from the constraints of the paternal home, and associated with similarity cerebral friends, an informed network which would gradually come to be referred to as the The Bloomsbury Group. It would include figures such as E.M. Forster, John Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey, the artists Roger Fry and Duncan Crant, and the Virginia and Vanessa’s future husband, Leonard Woolf and the art critic Clive Bell respectively. The group distinguished itself not only by the high artistic and intellectual calibre of its members, but also by its progressive ideals, casting aside Victorian orthodoxy in favour of sexual and social freedom, granting women the role of equals, accepting homosexuals and tolerating extramarital relationship.</p><p class="ql-block"> 這種文藝沙龍的流風余韻,延伸進入20世紀之后,在英法兩國的首都,有兩處最為知名。跟以前西歐的沙龍相比,這兩處沙龍里的女性,雖然并不一定像以前那樣擔任女主人的角色,卻是聚會中不可或缺的靈魂人物,而且在智力和才華上同與會男士旗鼓相當。</p><p class="ql-block"> 美國女作家格特魯德·斯泰因(Gertrude Stein, 1874—1946),1903 年遷居法國首都巴黎之后,在左岸盧森堡花園附近的住宅里,每個星期六晚間舉行聚會。到這里談天說地的客人,包括當時旅居或是游歷西歐的美國第一流作家,如海明威、菲茨杰拉德、龐德、辛克萊·路易士、舍伍德·安德森、桑頓·懷爾德等人,而歐洲方面的參加者則包括畢加索、馬蒂斯、亨利·盧梭等先鋒派歐洲大家,以及法國詩人阿波里耐。參加這個聚會的人雖然不一定有什么統(tǒng)一的宗旨,但是他們對于突破傳統(tǒng)、引領一代文學藝術的新潮流新風尚,還是有相當的影響。</p><p class="ql-block"> 至于倫敦的沙龍,當然就是布魯姆斯伯里團體了。和前兩個世紀的文藝沙龍相比,這個團體中,男士絕大多數出身劍橋大學,女士出身倫敦國王學院,大多來自中產階級家庭,已經不是一介平民。他們從志同道合、聚會討論開始“抱團”,隨后其中的幾位核心男女,締結姻緣,建立了更加密切的關系。他們延續(xù)了二三十年的活動,在文藝上正值現代主義的興起,在政治上則歷經第一次歐戰(zhàn)、俄蘇建國、大蕭條等重大歷史變遷。個中人物,在思想方面多少又受到分析派哲學家喬治·愛德華·摩爾的影響,極為重視人際思想交流的樂趣和日常生活中的審美需求,將之視作社會進步的合理終極目的。他們的學術專攻涵蓋了文學、藝術、經濟、批評等諸多方面,彼此之間相互的影響自毋庸贅述,而且各自都多有專著,尤其是伍爾夫夫婦,還積極從事出版事業(yè),已經遠遠超越了歷史上文化沙龍的范疇,更為深入地涉及德國思想家哈貝馬斯所構想的“公共領域”,對20世紀上半葉英國文化發(fā)展史的影響,至為深廣。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">?伍爾夫夫婦在訂婚那天拍的合影</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251);">?現代主義 (</b><b style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size: 18px;">Modernism)</b></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;">While the Bloomsbury Group was a stepping stone to social and intellectual liberation, artistically Virginia Woolf would become part of the wider movement known as Modernism. As the world was moving away from the certainties and conventions of the nineteenth century to one in which scientific advance and social and political unrest challenged previously held perceptions,</span><u style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;"> the arts had to find new modes of expression to reflect these shifts.</u><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;"> Ushered in by the works of Joseph Conrad and Henry James, the literary Modernists of the 1910s and 1920s such as T.S. Eliot, Wyndham Lewis, Marcel Proust, James Joyce and Ezra Pound all contribution in their own way to a more experimental approach to writing. </span><u style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;">Virginia Woolf, who in 1924 remarked that “on or about December 1910, human character changed ”, would gradually find her voice within this new artistic context and rapidly become one of Modernism’s figureheads.</u><b style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;"><u> </u></b></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(57, 181, 74);"><span class="ql-cursor">?</span>The Hogarth Press 霍加斯出版社</b></p><p class="ql-block">In 1917 the Woolfs bought a printing machine and installed it in their home in Richmond, and established Hogarth Press, named after their home, Hogarth House. This venture had modest ambitions at first: it was an experiment in printing their own works; but soon it became a major publishing house, producing books not only by members of the Bloomsbury Group such as E.M. Forster, Clive Bell, Roger Fry and John Maynard Keynes, but also by the likes of T.S. Eliot, Robert Graves, Edith Sitwell and a multitude of international, mainly Russian, authors (Maxim Gorky, Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev). Owning Hogarth Press would play a crucial part in the evolution of her own work: she now had full control of the creative development of her books, down to typesetting and production, and they would often contain woodcuts by her sister Vanessa. After Virginia Woolf’s death, the press would also publish the major psychoanalytical works of its day. </p><p class="ql-block"> 1917 年,伍爾夫一家買了一臺印刷機,安裝在他們位于里士滿的家中,并建立了霍加斯出版社( Hogarth Press ),以他們的家霍加斯的名字命名。這家公司起初雄心勃勃:這是一個印刷他們自己作品的實驗;但很快它就成為了一家大型出版社,不僅由布盧姆斯伯里集團的成員,如 E . M .福斯特,克萊夫·貝爾、羅杰·弗萊和約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯,還有 T · S ·艾略特、羅伯特·格雷夫斯、伊迪絲·西特韋爾等眾多國際作家,主要是俄羅斯作家(馬克西姆·高爾基、伊萬·布寧、列昂尼德·安德烈耶夫)。擁有霍加斯出版社將在她自己的工作演變中發(fā)揮至關重要的作用:她現在完全控制了她的書籍的創(chuàng)造性發(fā)展,包括排版和制作,而且這些書籍經常包含她姐姐瓦妮莎的木刻。伍爾夫死后,出版社還出版了當時主要的精神分析著作。</p><p class="ql-block"> 30歲時,伍爾夫與在團體中結識的倫納德·伍爾夫結為夫婦,婚后夫妻兩人創(chuàng)辦了霍加斯出版社 (Hogarth Press),這家出版社成為現代主義文學的搖籃。作為意識流小說的代表人物之一,伍爾夫在小說創(chuàng)作和文學評論兩方面都有卓越的貢獻。</p><p class="ql-block"> 霍加斯出版社一直經營到1946年,29年間共出版了527部作品。幾乎一整個世紀過后,霍加斯于2012年重新成立,成為了出版業(yè)巨頭企鵝蘭登旗下了一個品牌?;艏铀钩霭嫔缭诔霭媸聵I(yè)上有不可磨滅的貢獻。J·H·威利斯(JH Willis)在其書中寫道“戰(zhàn)間期有許多小型出版社涌現,但大多數都消失了”?;艏铀钩霭嫔绲陌l(fā)展故事除了宣告其勝利存活,同樣也揭示了出版業(yè)的情況,以及在文學創(chuàng)作這場游戲中,面對作者思潮的轉變出版社做出的轉型。</p><p class="ql-block"> 弗吉尼亞和倫納德二人都發(fā)現,他們竟也成為了那種曾讓他們飽受欺壓的出版商。一個代表性的例子是,在出版社成立早期,伍爾夫夫婦寫信給詹姆斯·喬伊斯(James Joyce),拒絕出版他的《尤利西斯》(Ulysses)。他們在信中寫道,這本書太長了,而且他們剛經手出版業(yè),這實在是超出了他們的能力。而這正是伍爾夫夫婦身為作者時最討厭的拒絕說辭??涩F在,他們自己成了出版商,于是他們也得這么干。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">伍爾夫夫婦在他們創(chuàng)辦經營的霍加斯出版社出版的書籍</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);"> </b></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);"> 弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫</b>是20世紀著名的英國“意識流”小說家。她的小說不注重情節(jié),而著重以抒情散文的形式寫出人物內心世界的活動、進行細致的心理描寫。同時,她也是一位散文家,善于用輕靈活潑的文筆寫出她對于自己所喜愛的作家和作品的印象。她這方面的文章主要收入題為《普通讀者》和《普通讀者第二集》兩書(The Common Reader, 1925; The Second Common Reader, 1932)。這些文章乃是一個具有高度文化修養(yǎng)和豐富創(chuàng)作經驗的女作家,在創(chuàng)作之余所寫的一批富有個人獨特風格的隨筆散文。</p><p class="ql-block"> 接下來的幾期我會與大家一同分享閱讀伍爾夫的隨筆散文<b style="color: rgb(57, 181, 74);">《一個人應該怎樣讀書?》(HOW SHOULD ONE READ A BOOK?)</b></p> <p class="ql-block">音頻</p>
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